Unit 1
Circuit Analysis:
Electric Networks: Definitions, loop and nodal equations for D.C. and A.C. circuits (Kirchhoff's Laws).
Four-Terminal Electric Network: Ampere-volt conventions, open, closed, and hybrid parameters of four-terminal networks; input, output, and mutual impedance for active four terminal networks.
Circuit Theorems: Superposition, Thevenin, Norton, reciprocity, compensation, maximum power transfer, and Miller theorems.
P-N Junction: Charge densities in N and P Semiconductors; conduction by drift and diffusion of charge carriers; P-N diode equation; capacitance effects.
Rectifiers: Half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers; Ripple factor, efficiency, Peak Inverse Voltage and regulation; Series inductor, shunt capacitor, L-section, and π-section filters.
Voltage Regulation: Zener diode, Voltage regulation using Zener diodes; voltage multipliers.
Unit 2
Transistor Fundamentals: Notations, Configurations: CB, CE, CC. operation and characteristic curves for bipolar junction transistors (BJTs); Concept of load line and operating point, hybrid parameters. Transistor Biasing: Need for biasing and stability of Q point, stability factors; Types of bias circuits for thermal bias stability: fixed bias, collector-to-base feedback bias, and four-resistor bias.
Field Effect Transistors (FETs): Introduction and merits demerits over BJT, biasing, and voltampere characteristics; Source follower, operation of FET as a variable voltage resistor.
Unit 3
Amplifiers: Analysis of transistor amplifiers using hybrid parameters, gain-frequency response; Cascade amplifiers, basic ideas of direct-coupled and R-C coupled amplifiers and analysis, differential amplifiers.
Amplifiers with feedback: Concept of feedback, positive and negative feedback, voltage and current feedback circuits, Advantages of negative feedback
Operational Amplifier: Definition and history of operational amplifiers, Ideal Op-Amps, Input offset voltage and current, Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), Power supply rejection ratio (PSRR), Input and output impedance, Open-loop gain and frequency response, Slew rate; Inverting Amplifier, Non-Inverting Amplifier, Voltage Follower (Buffer)
Unit 4
Oscillators: Criteria for self-excited and self-sustained oscillation, Circuit conditions for self excited oscillations; Basic transistor oscillator circuit and its analysis; Colpitts’s and Hartley oscillators, R.C. oscillators, crystal oscillators and their advantages. Logic Operations: Fundamentals of Boolean Algebra, Boolean variables and functions, De Morgan’s Theorems, basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR), symbols, truth tables, Boolean expressions, Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) concept and configuration, Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) concept and evolution from DTL.