Osm Physics by Ashish

  Restoring Force  Definition:  A restoring force is the force that acts to bring a displaced system back to its equilibrium position. It is directly proportional to the displacement. Where k is constant and Negative sign presenting that restoring force is opposite to displacement.   2.     2. Damping Force Definition: A damping force is the resistive force that opposes the motion of an oscillating body. It reduces the amplitude of oscillation with time. Origin: friction, air resistance, viscous drag, etc. It is directly proportional to the velocity. Where λ is damping constant and negative sign → damping force always acts opposite to velocity.   3.      3. Equation of Motion for Damped Oscillator

1. Electric Charge Electric charge is a basic property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electric or magnetic field. It is of two types: positive and negative . Like charges repel each other, and unlike charges attract. The unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C) . 2. Types of Charge There are two types of electric charges: Positive Charge (+): Carried by protons. Negative Charge (−): Carried by electrons. In a neutral atom, the number of positive and negative charges is equal.   3. Methods of Charging (a) Charging by Friction When two different materials are rubbed together, electrons are transferred from one object to another.        Example: Rubbing a balloon on your hair — electrons move to the balloon, making it negatively charged. The Free Rod Experiment is a simple and effective way to demonstrate the basic properties of electric charges, including a...