Osm Physics by Ashish

Thin films show colours due to a fascinating optical phenomenon called thin-film interference . This is the same effect that produces the rainbow patterns on soap bubbles, oil slicks on puddles, and the shimmering iridescence on butterfly wings or peacock feathers. The Physics Behind It Wavelength-Dependent (Colour-Dependent) Effects Here's the key: the amount of interference depends on the wavelength of light (i.e., its colour). For a film of a given thickness: Some colours (wavelengths) experience constructive interference → they appear vivid Other colours experience destructive interference → they appear washed out or invisible The condition for constructive interference is roughly: 2 n t = m λ 2 n t = mλ where: t t = thickness of the film n n = refractive index of the film material λ λ = wavelength of light m m = an integer (order of interference) So a film of a particular thickness "selects" certain colours to brighten and others to suppress — giving it a specif...

Foucault’s pendulum is a long, heavy simple pendulum designed to demonstrate that the Earth rotates. Léon Foucault first publicly demonstrated it in 1851 in the Panthéon in Paris (a 28 kg bob on a ~67 m wire). In an inertial frame the plane of oscillation stays fixed (by inertia). Because the Earth rotates beneath it, an observer on Earth sees the plane of swing slowly rotate (precess). It consists of a heavy bob (mass) suspended from a long, flexible wire. The key feature is that it is free to swing in any vertical plane (isotropic suspension). As the pendulum swings, the plane of oscillation appears to rotate relative to the ground. Hence, Foucault’s pendulum provides direct experimental evidence of the rotation of the Earth. Angular Velocity of Foucault’s Pendulum If the pendulum is situated at latitude \(\lambda\), the angular velocity of rotation of its plane of oscillation relative to the Earth is \[ \boxed{\omega...

If a body of mass \(m\) is thrown vertically upward with a velocity \(u\) from a certain place of the earth. After \(t\) seconds the velocity of a body will be— \[ \boxed{ \vec{v}' = \hat{k}'(u-gt) } \qquad ...(1) \] If angle of latitude at this place is \(\lambda\) and the angular velocity of rotational reference frame is \(\vec{\omega}\), then \[ \boxed{ \vec{\omega} = \hat{j}'\omega\cos\lambda + \hat{k}'\omega\sin\lambda } \qquad ...(2) \] Coriolis force acting on the body is \[ \vec{F}_c = -2m \left( \vec{\omega}\times\vec{v}' \right) \] \[ = -2m \begin{vmatrix} \hat{i}' & \hat{j}' & \hat{k}'\\ 0 & \omega\cos\lambda & \omega\sin\lambda\\ 0 & 0 & u-gt \end{vmatrix} \] \[ \boxed{ \vec{F}_c = -\hat{i}'\,2m(u-gt)\omega\cos\lambda } \qquad ...(3) \] Thus the displacement of the body due to Coriolis force acting toward west in the northern hemisphere is toward west. From ...

Let a body of mass \(m\) is falling downward from a height \(h\) due to gravity. After \(t\) seconds its velocity will be \[ \boxed{ \vec{v}' = -\hat{k}'gt } \qquad ...(1) \] where \(\hat{k}'\) is the unit vector vertically upward. If angle of latitude at this place is \(\lambda\) and the angular velocity of rotational reference frame is \(\vec{\omega}\), then \[ \boxed{ \vec{\omega} = \hat{j}'\omega\cos\lambda + \hat{k}'\omega\sin\lambda } \qquad ...(2) \] Thus, Coriolis force acting on the body is \[ \vec{F}_c = -2m \left( \vec{\omega}\times\vec{v}' \right) \] \[ = -2m \begin{vmatrix} \hat{i}' & \hat{j}' & \hat{k}'\\ 0 & \omega\cos\lambda & \omega\sin\lambda\\ 0 & 0 & -gt \end{vmatrix} \] \[ \boxed{ \vec{F}_c = \hat{i}'\,2mgt\omega\cos\lambda } \qquad ...(3) \] Since the direction of \(\hat{i}'\) is towards east, therefore the body falling downward in the nort...

Effects of Centrifugal and Coriolis Forces on Earth Let us assume that a particle of mass \(m\) is moving horizontally on earth with a velocity \(\vec{v}'\) at the place P whose angle of latitude is \(\lambda\). Draw a reference frame S' at point P whose X'-axis is towards east, Y'-axis is towards north and Z'-axis is vertically upwards. This reference frame is rotating with an angular velocity \(\vec{\omega}\) as earth is rotating about its north-south axis. Therefore, \[ \boxed{ \vec{\omega} = \hat{j}'\omega\cos\lambda + \hat{k}'\omega\sin\lambda } \qquad ...(1) \] and the velocity of particle is \[ \boxed{ \vec{v}' = \hat{i}'v_x' + \hat{j}'v_y' } \qquad ...(2) \] Thus the Coriolis force \[ \vec{F}_c = -2m \left( \vec{\omega}\times\vec{v}' \right) \] \[ = -2m \begin{vmatrix} \hat{i}' & \hat{j}' & \hat{k}'\\ 0 & \omega\cos\lambda & \omega\sin\lambda\\ v_x' ...

Effects of Centrifugal and Coriolis Forces on Earth Let a particle is situated at a point P on the earth whose latitude is \(\lambda\). Assuming point P as origin draw a reference frame whose X' axis is towards east, Y' axis is towards north and Z' axis is vertically upwards as shown in Fig.(1). This reference frame rotates with an angular velocity \(\vec{\omega}\) due to the rotation of the earth. If unit vectors along the axes of reference frame are \(\hat{i}'\), \(\hat{j}'\), \(\hat{k}'\), then \[ \vec{\omega} =\hat{i}'\omega\cos (90)+ \hat{j}'\omega\cos(\lambda) + \hat{k}'\omega\cos(90-\lambda) \qquad ...(1) \] \[ \boxed{ \vec{\omega} = \hat{j}'\omega\cos\lambda + \hat{k}'\omega\sin\lambda } \qquad ...(1) \] If the particle is at rest on the earth, then Coriolis force will be zero and only centrifugal force will appear to be acting on the particle. Let actual acceleration due to gravity at point P i...

Effects of Centrifugal and Coriolis Forces on Earth 4. Effect of Centrifugal Force Earth completes one revolution in 24 hours about its axis. ∴ Angular velocity of earth ω = 2π / T = 2 × 3.14 / 24 × 60 × 60 ω = 7.29 × 10 −5 radian/s Let a particle is situated at a point P on the earth whose latitude is λ. (The angle between the radial line joining the point P to the centre of the earth and the equatorial plane of earth is λ and is called latitude.) Assuming point P as origin draw a reference frame whose X' axis is towards east, Y' axis is towards north and Z' axis is vertically upwards as shown in Fig.(4.1). This reference frame rotates with an angular velocity ω due to the rotation of the earth. As shown in Fig.(4.1), the angular velocity ω can be divided into two components. One component ω cos λ is towards north i.e. along Y' axis and another component ω sin λ is ver...