Osm Physics by Ashish

Invariance of physical laws means that the fundamental laws of physics have the same mathematical form in all inertial frames of reference. The laws of physics do not depend on the uniform motion of the observer. If two observers are moving with constant velocity relative to each other, both should obtain the same physical laws. This principle is called the principle of relativity. For example, Newton’s laws of motion have the same form in all inertial frames. In classical mechanics, this invariance is associated with Galilean transformations. In special relativity, physical laws are invariant under Lorentz transformations. Example: An experiment performed inside a smoothly moving train gives the same physical results as when the train is at rest, provided the train moves with constant velocity. Key point: The laws of physics are universal and do not depend on the choice of inertial reference frame.    1. Newton’s First Law — Law of Inertia A body remains ...

  A pseudo force (also called a fictitious force or inertial force) is an apparent force that is observed only when viewing motion from a non-inertial (accelerating or rotating) reference frame. It does not arise from a physical interaction but is introduced to apply Newton's laws in an accelerating frame. Definition A pseudo force acts on an object when the observer is in an accelerating frame of reference. Its magnitude is F=ma where: m = mass of the object a= acceleration of the reference frame The negative sign indicates the pseudo force acts opposite to the acceleration of the frame. Example Suppose you are standing in a lift that suddenly accelerates upward: You feel heavier then your actual weight. Similarly, if lift is moving downward, then you feel lighter .

  Unit-I Nuclear Properties: Rutherford’s scattering and Nucleus model of atom, Properties of Nuclei, Mass, Charge, Estimation of charge density, size, density, spin, parity, statistics, magnetic dipole moment, Electric Quadrupole Moment, Mass Defect and concepts of Binding energy, Constituents of nucleus, Discovery of neutron and proton-neutron hypothesis, Nuclear potential, Nuclear Force, Liquid drop model, Semi Empirical Mass formula and its applications; 1. Alpha decay, 2. Mass Parabola, 3. Mirror Nuclei, Nuclear Mass measurements, Aston's Mass Spectrograph, Double Focussing Mass Spectrograph and Doublet method. Unit-II Nuclear Fission:- The Discovery of Nuclear Fission, The Energy Release in Fission, Mass and Energy distribution of fission products, Neutron emission in fission, Energetics of Spontaneous fission, Bohr Wheeler theory and Quantum effects, Neutron induced fission, Fission cross-section and threshold, Nuclear Fission as a source of Energy, The Nuclear Chain Reactio...

  UNIT–I Failures of the classical mechanics, black body radiation and spectral distribution of energy, Planck’s quantum hypothesis and average energy of Plank oscillator, Plank’s radiation law and discussion to obtain Wein’s, Rayleigh-Jeans and Stefan-Boltzmann laws using it, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, Wave-particle duality, De Broglie relation, Davison Germer experiment, group and phase velocities, Wave function, boundary and continuity conditions of wave function, physical significance of wave function and its interpretation. UNIT–II Uncertainity principle (i) Position & momentum (ii) Energy & Time (iii) Angular displacement and Angular momentum. its application such as (i) Non existence of electron in nucleus, (ii) Ground state energy of H–atom, (iii) Ground state energy of harmonic oscillator. Fundamental postulates of quantum mechanics, Eigenfunction and eigen values, Degenracy. Orthogonality of eigenfunction, Commutation relations, Ehrenfest's theorem and ...

  Unit-I Circuit Analysis, Network-some important definitions, loop and nodal equation, Kirchhofs Laws, driving point and transfer impedances, four terminal network parameters, Open circuit, short circuit and hybrid network theorems, Superposition, Thevenin, Norton, Reciprocity, Compensation and maximum power transfer. Unit-II Semiconductors, Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, charge densities in N and P materials, conduction by drift and diffusion of charge, Formation of PN junction, PN diode equation, capacitance effect of diode. Rectification and power Supply, Half-wave and full wave rectifiers, calculation of Ripple factor, efficiency and regulation, bridge rectifier, Filters: shunt capacitor, L and p filters, Voltage regulation and voltage stabilization, Zener diode, Voltage multiplier circuits. Unit-III Transistor and Transistor Amplifiers, Notations and volt ampere relations for bipolar junction transistor, CB, CE, CC configurations, characteristic curves and their equi...

  Unit-I General Thermodynamical interactions, Dependence of the number of states of external parameters, General relations in equilibrium, equilibrium conditions, infinitesimal quasistatic process, Entropy of an ideal gas, Equilibrium of an isolated system, Equilibrium of a system in contact with reservoir (Gibb’s free energy), equilibrium between phases, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Triple point,Vapour in equilibrium with liquid or solid, equilibrium conditions for a system of fixed volume in contact with heat reservoir (Helmholtz free energy), Equilibrium between phases and condition of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium condition for a system at constant pressure in contact with a heat reservoir (Enthalpy), Maxwell’s relations. Unit-II Thermal interactions of macroscopic Systems, system in contact with a heat reservoir, first law of thermodynamics and infinitesimal general interaction, Concept of temperature and quantitative idea of temperature scale (thermodynamical paramete...

  Unit-I Scalar and Vector Fields: Scalar and Vector Fields, Gradient of a scalar field, relation between conservative field and Potential, line, surface and volume integral of vector fields, concept of flux, Divergence and Curl of a vector field and their physical significance, Gauss’ divergence and Stokes curl theorem with proof, Del and Laplacian operator in Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical coordinates. Unit II Electrostatic: Electric potential and field due to arbitrary charge distribution, Multipole Expansion, potential and field due to dipole & its interaction with electric field, electrostatic energy of a uniformly charged sphere, classical radius of an electron. Atomic and molecular dipoles, induced dipole and polarizability, dielectrics and their electrical polarization, susceptibility and displacement vector, Capacity of a capacitor with partially and completely filled dielectrics, Gauss’ law in integral and differential form, Lorentz local field and Clausius-Moss...

Galilean Transformation Galilean Transformation: The relation of one Inertial Frame to another Inertial Frame If the position of a point relative to one inertial frame is given, the equation for finding the position of the same point as is determined in another inertial frame is called the Galilean transformation. The transformation equations of physical quantities from one inertial frame to another inertial frame are called the equations of the Galilean transformation. (a) Transformation of position When both inertial frames \( S \) and \( S' \) are mutually accelerated: Let the position vector of a point \( P \) are \( \vec{r} \) and \( \vec{r'} \) in inertial frame \( S \) and \( S' \) respectively. If \( S' \) is moving with constant velocity V Then in \( \Delta OO'P\) \( \vec{r}' = \vec{r} - \vec{V}t \) (1) where \( \vec{r} = xi+yj+zk\)    and    \( \vec{r'} = x'i+y'j+z'k\). in components,     \( ...